Fifteen years ago, social networks were seen as a new democratic ferment that, by promoting the dissemination of information and horizontal communication between citizens, would help people break their chains, from Eastern Europe to the Arab world. The story is different: the assault on the Capitol by Donald Trump's supporters, the chaotic reign of his counterpart Jair Bolsonaro, the offensives targeting Muslims in Narendra Modi's India, or the dazzling success of the racist slogans of Italian League leader Matteo Salvini have highlighted the devastating power on a global scale of the calls to hatred and disinformation that circulate in real time on social media.

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